@article {Kobayashi2018,
	title = {Education modifies the relationship between height and cognitive function in a cross-sectional population-based study of older adults in Rural South Africa},
	journal = {European Journal of Epidemiology},
	year = {2018},
	month = {Oct},
	abstract = {We aimed to estimate the relationship between height (a measure of early-life cumulative net nutrition) and later-life cognitive function among older rural South African adults, and whether education modified this relationship. Data were from baseline in-person interviews with 5059 adults{\th}inspace}>={\th}inspace}40~years in the population-based {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} (HAALSI) study in Agincourt sub-district, South Africa, in 2015. Linear regression was used to estimate the relationship between height quintile and latent cognitive function z-score (representing episodic memory, time orientation, and numeracy), with adjustment for life course covariates and a height-by-education interaction. Mean (SD) height was 162.7 (8.9) cm. Nearly half the sample had no formal education (46\%; 2307/5059). Mean age- and sex-adjusted cognitive z-scores increased from -{\th}inspace}0.68 (95\% CI: -{\th}inspace}0.76 to -{\th}inspace}0.61) in those with no education in the shortest height quintile to 0.62 (95\% CI: 0.52{\textendash}0.71) in those with at least 8~years of education in the tallest height quintile. There was a linear height disparity in cognitive z-scores for those with no formal education (adjusted $\beta${\th}inspace}={\th}inspace}0.10; 95\% CI: 0.08{\textendash}0.13 per height quintile), but no height disparity in cognitive z-scores in those with any level of education. Short stature is associated with poor cognitive function and may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment among older adults living in rural South Africa. The height disparity in cognitive function was negated for older adults who had any level of education.},
	issn = {1573-7284},
	doi = {10.1007/s10654-018-0453-1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-018-0453-1},
	author = {Kobayashi, Lindsay C. and Lisa F. Berkman and Wagner, Ryan G. and Kahn, Kathleen and Tollman, Stephen and Subramanian, S. V.}
}
